Different Types of Lupus

Before identifying the symptoms of Lupus, you must first know the different types of lupus.

• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus- It is the most serious and common type of Lupus, affecting all the parts of the body.
• Drug-Induced Lupus- It is a short term lupus which is generally triggered due to medicines.
• Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus- This type of Lupus affects only the skin.
• Neonatal Lupus- It is a very rare form of Lupus that occurs in newborn babies.

Symptoms of Lupus

Lupus generally affects any part of the body. The symptoms of lupus can be different from person to person. Some experience fever and swollen knees while some may develop rashes, have kidney infections, or experience exhaustion. Symptoms of lupus usually appear and disappear, so not all of the symptoms stay continuously. The main symptoms include.

• Joint Pain and Muscle Pain
• Fever higher than 100
• Skin rashes
• Swelling in the joints or arthritis
• Pain in the chest while breathing
• Light and Sun Sensitivity
• Prolonged fatigue
• Blood clotting
• Mouth sores
• Seizures
• Mouth and nose sores
• Swelling in the ankles
• Purple fingers and toes during stress
• Eye diseases
• Memory problems

Causes of Lupus

Lupus is an autoimmune system where the body’s own immune system attacks the healthy cells in the body. Lupus can occur from the environment as well as the genetic makeup of your body. Also the exact cause of Lupus cannot be ascertained, some trigger points include

• Infections: An existing infection in the body can initiate Lupus or cause a relapse.
• Sunlight: Too much exposure to sunlight can trigger an internal response in the body or initiate lupus skin lesions.
• Medications: Surprisingly, Lupus can also be triggered due to certain type of medications such as antibiotics, anti-seizure medications, and blood pressure medications.

Treatment for Lupus

Treatment for Lupus can depend on factors such as medical history, overall health, age, severity, and the part of the body that is infected. People suffering from mild symptoms do not need Lupus treatment, however in severe cases the normal treatment would include:

• Plaquenil: This drug helps control mild lupus infections related to joint and skin diseases. It also helps prevent symptoms like flares.
• Steroids: Steroids are usually safe and effective for rashes. Low doses of steroids helps in treatment of lupus when the symptoms are mild to moderate. Steroids can be taken in higher doses if lupus is affecting the internal organs.
• Benlysta: This is a biologic drug that helps mimic the natural proteins. This drug weakens the immune system by attacking the protein that causes lupus.
• CellCept: Most doctors prescribe this drug for Lupus treatment especially in those experiencing severe symptoms. It helps treat severe symptoms of lupus by working on the immune system.

Some of the other alternate treatment for lupus includes

• Vitamins and Supplements
• Dehydroepiandrosterone hormonal treatment
• Mind and body therapy
• Acupuncture

Conclusion

The outlook, diagnosis, and treatment of lupus varies based on how severe the symptoms are and which organ is affected. In most cases symptoms persist for a duration which is followed by remission. In long term lupus doesn’t affect your life if you manage it well and listen to the doctors instructions. A healthy lifestyle can stop attacks that can send you to a hospital.

References:

1. https://www.webmd.com/lupus/arthritis-lupus
2. https://www.womenshealth.gov/lupus
3. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lupus/symptoms-causes/syc-20365789
4. https://www.womenshealth.gov/lupus/lupus-symptoms

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What Causes Cervical Dysplasia?

The disease mainly arises from the virus called human papillomavirus. The sexually transmitted virus can even cause genital warts. The high-risk virus can be extreme and turn into cancer. However, it is also a fact that most people having the virus never get to developing cancer. This simply means a lot of factors play a role here, like lifestyle, environment, and food choices.

Symptoms Of Cervical Dysplasia

Sadly, symptoms of early-stage cervical cancer are not visible. Just when it gets a little intense to an advanced level, women can see symptoms of Cervical Dysplasia like-

• Bloody or watery vagina discharge with a foul odor
• Vaginal bleeding after menopause or any other regular day
• Vaginal bleeding after intercourse
• Pain during intercourse

Treatment Of Cervical Dysplasia

There is no 100% effective Cervical Dysplasia treatment, however, the symptoms and severity can still be reduced. The treatment to reduce the severity also depends on the patient’s age and how extreme the symptoms are.

For patients with mild cervical dysplasia, monitoring continuously with a repeat Pap test is essential. But in the case of an older woman with the same condition, you don’t need to initiate treatment early. Not until it has been two years with cervical dysplasia.

There are usually two procedures for the treatment of cervical dysplasia-

• LEEP– LEEP stands for the term Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure. This technique uses electricity to eliminate the affected tissues.
• Cone biopsy- In this treatment method, a cone shaped piece of the cervix is removed at the region of the abnormal tissue.

Other standard treatment of cervical dysplasia are

• Laser Surgery
• Electrocauterization
• Cryosurgery

Treatments are strictly associated with risks like heavy bleeding. It can also lead to complications after pregnancy. Doctors need to discuss with their patients the risks before initiating treatment. The patient must maintain the follow-up testing after the treatment, including the repeat pap test in 6 months or HPV DNA test.

Prevention Of Cervical Dysplasia

As there is no particular proven cause of this disease, one cannot prevent it. However, women can follow some tips so that they reduce the risk of cervical dysplasia.

• Reducing high-risk sexual behaviors that lead to HPV infection is a great start.
• It’s best to avoid multiple sexual partners and early sexual initiation.
• Sexually active women should make sure to use protection the right way during a sexual encounter. Other habits to be avoided are smoking and intake of excessive alcohol.

Conclusion:

Cervical dysplasia can be lethal for women in extreme cases! The treatments are not very relevant however make it easy to live a happy life!

Even some vaccines are out for women to prevent the occurrence of cervical cancer. Women should be vaccinated before becoming sexually active to prevent maximum chances of cancer.

References:

• https://www.webmd.com/cancer/cervical-cancer/cervical-dysplasia-symptoms-causes-treatments
• https://www.healthline.com/health/cervical-dysplasia#prevention
• https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352501

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Secondary Infertility is defined as a condition where the body is incapable to conceive or become pregnant after giving birth to the first baby. In secondary infertility the mother is not able to conceive or not able to carry the baby to full-term despite having a successful first pregnancy.

Causes of Secondary Infertility in Men and Women

Secondary Infertility may occur in both men and women. Cause of secondary infertility can originate only to the mother or father or a combination of both.

Causes of Secondary Infertility in Women

The main causes for secondary infertility in women include

• Quality and Quantity of Eggs: Women have a limited eggs supply and the number of eggs in the ovaries gradually decrease as they age. The remaining eggs are more likely to have chromosomal problems. Hence, it becomes more difficult to conceive after the first pregnancy.
• Issue with fallopian tubes: Fallopian tubes carry the eggs to the uterus in the process of ovulation. Pelvic infections such as gonorrhea and Chlamydia can block the fallopian tubes and obstruct the flow of eggs.
• Uterus problems: Several uterus related problems can be the reason for secondary infertility. Scarring can happen during a C-Sec delivery that can form adhesions in the uterus and further interfere with future pregnancies. Other uterine problems include retained placenta, polyps, and fibroids.
• Endometriosis: This condition occurs when tissues that must grow inside the uterus grows elsewhere such as inside the ovaries or bowel surfaces. Endometriosis can be a common cause for secondary infertility.
• PCOS: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is a type of hormonal disorder causing irregular and longer menstrual periods. A woman suffering from PCOS produces more male hormones and fails to release eggs regularly.
• Breastfeeding: Although not a very common cause, breastfeeding women who feed their babies’ breast milk for longer durations fail to ovulate and produce eggs regularly for conception.
• Weight Gain: Sudden weight gain after the first pregnancy can alter the chances of conceiving again. The reason is weight gain causes ovary dysfunction in some women.

Causes of Secondary Infertility in Men 

Most common causes of secondary infertility in men include

• Less testosterone: Decline in testosterone levels can alter sperm production that has direct impact on fertility. Reduce testosterone levels are caused due to injury, age, or any medical condition.
• Poor quality semen: The quality of semen is very important as it is the fluid that carries the sperms. As men age, the quality of the semen declines which impacts fertility.
• Prostate enlargement: Enlargement of the prostate gland can lead to less ejaculation and lower sperm count.
• Drugs that impact sperm count and quality: Certain medications and antibiotics can affect sperm quality thus directly having an impact on fertility.

Signs of Secondary Infertility

If the woman and man are younger than 35 and have unprotected sex for 12 months without getting pregnant, can be suffering from secondary infertility. Women and men less than age of 30 can also suffer from secondary infertility due to low sperm counts, irregular menstrual cycle, pelvic inflammatory diseases, and other hormonal disorders.

Treatment for Secondary Infertility

Secondary Infertility treatment may sound scary for couples who have had no issues with first pregnancy. Nevertheless, the treatment for secondary infertility is similar to primary infertility.

• Medications: Certain medications like letrozole and clomiphene are prescribed to increase ovulation in women suffering from ovulation disorders.
• Anti-oxidants: Anti-oxidants and anti-ageing medications are prescribed to men to improve semen quality and increase the chances of fertility.
• Surgery: Those women suffering from uterine problems, surgeries are performed to remove polyps, fibroids, or scar tissues if any. In men, surgery is performed to repair testicular variocele.
• In vitro fertilization: This is the most common treatment of secondary infertility advised by doctors. This is a surgical procedure where the eggs and sperms are retrieved and fertilized in the lab to form an embryo. The fertilized embryo is then transferred to the uterus where it implants and forms the baby.
• Intrauterine insemination: This is a procedure which involves inserting the sperms artificially into the uterus to increase the chances of fertilization.

Conclusion:

Depending on the medical condition and circumstances both the man and woman would need evaluation. Secondary infertility can be stressful and surprising. Do not cope with it alone. If you are suffering from secondary infertility, seek emotional support from your loved ones, family, and friends. Reach out for medical support at the right time to give a shot at all the chances you may have.

References:

1. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21139-secondary-infertility
2. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infertility/expert-answers/secondary-infertility/faq-20058272
3. https://www.healthline.com/health/infertility/secondary-infertility
4. https://www.novaivffertility.com/blog/what-are-the-common-causes-of-secondary-infertility/

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