Breast cancer is a type of cancer that starts within the tissues of the breast. It is the common type of cancer affecting many American women who are second to lung cancer that is the cause of cancer death. Breast cancer cam is diagnosed in the median age between the ages of 60 and 65 years. The incidence rate of breast cancer is also high in middle age woman. Statistics reveal that 1 in 8 women are susceptible to developing breast cancer in their lifetime.
Below are the main types of cancer
It starts in the ductal tubes that regulate milk from the breast tissues to the nipples. This is the most common type of breast cancer.
It starts in the milk-producing parts of the breast called lobules. This type of cancer is least reported.
DCIS is commonly diagnosed than lobular carcinoma in the situation (LCIS).
Breast cancer not only affects female but it also affects males. This type of cancer in males is of the rare type. It is the largest cause of death in American women after lung cancer.
They are a variety of things which cause breast cancer
BRCA1, include BRCA2, in chromosome 13 as well as 17. Other genes identified are associated with hereditary breast cancer includes TP53, CHK2, ATM and PTEN.
They will be no symptoms visible in the asymptomatic patients until the screening of mammary gland is done.
There is the presence of a painless palpable lump in the breast is the most common symptom.
Nipple discharge retraction or dimpling oedema of the skin with redness or warmth is a less common symptom.
Palpable lymph nodes are local regional symptom also present.
This symptom depends on the site of metastases, it includes bone pain, breathing difficulty, pain in the abdomen or enlargement of it, mental disturbance, jaundice.
It can be diagnosed through following laboratory and diagnostic tests
Tumour markers are used to test cancer antigens or carcinoembryonic antigen.
Liver function tests or alkaline phosphatase are used in the evaluation of metastatic disease.
Mammogram (it can be done with or without MR scan of the breast)
Biopsy for pathological review and determination of tumour receptors which include estrogen/progesterone status and HER2 status.
Chest x-ray, chest CT scan, abdominal CT scan or
Ultrasound or MRI scan.
Breast-conserving therapy involves removal of part of the breast, evaluation of the axillary lymph node, radiation therapy of the breast lump.
Systemic adjuvant therapy includes the administration of systemic therapy followed by definitive local therapy (radiation, surgery, or a combination of these). These therapies are followed if there is no evidence of metastatic disease.
This therapy can be used alone or in a combination with adjuvant therapy in breast cancer. The medications which are used are fluorouracil, paclitaxel, doxorubicin, epirubicin, cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel, vincristine and vinorelbine.
Treatment of this stage includes cytotoxic, biological or endocrine therapy often results in regression of disease as well as improves the quality of life of the patients. If the patient responds to the therapy, the duration of survival is also increased. The most important factor which determines response to endocrine therapy is the presence of estrogen and progesterone in the primary tumour tissue. 50-60% patients with ER-positive tumours and 70-80% of patients with ER and PR-positive response to the hormonal therapy successfully whereas ER-negative tumours respond less than 10% to the therapy.
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